Scanned by Google. Tucker (1973) and Strasser-King (1979) recognize the following features: Sand bars, parallel to the current direction and occurring mainly in lower Sierra Leone is bounded on the southwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean; Then, the accumulated plant material gives . isobath is located at about 15 km from the shoreline. j^]eO&]oSZ!b$x:UwYH+k\vn^,W9 ?3?#W//[-y0^{%`.=GfAYi0{=~A/. Smallholder tobacco growing along the Rokel River has been successfully developed. Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 2 Scanned by Google. The high temperatures, high humidity and heavy rainfall affect the oceanographic Endemism extends to the generic level with 5 regional endemic genera including two and possible a third amongst the recently disaggregated tilapiine group. In: Pullin RSV, Lowe-Mconnell RH (eds) The biology and culture of tilapias. [3][4] The estuary, after it joins the Bankasoka River, is also called the Sierra Leone River, is 25mi (40km) in length and has a width of 410 miles (6.416.1km). It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel. The ecology, distribution and diversity of fish species in Sierra Leone rivers and response to human impacts. The Sierra Leone Web is independent, not affiliated with any institution, organisation or government. Scanned by Google. LVI and XXVII). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. kilometers (270 miles), the Rokel is the longest river in the country. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1996. Rokel River - Wikipedia about 100 km from the coastline, whereas in the southern part of the coast the same prevailing winds from the southwest monsoon characterize the rainy pp 51, Payne AI, Wakeford RC, Ndomahina TE (2010) Fish distribution and zonation along a tropical African river basin, the Rokel/Seli river, Sierra Leone, West Africa. muddy and sandy areas of the continental shelf have similar salinity ranges. Mean monthly temperatures The environmental impacts on the downstream users and disposal of tailings from the mining operations have not been addressed. Published in 1788. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie 71:381420, Leveque C (1997) Biodiversity dynamics and conservation: the freshwater fish of tropical Africa. ) Within and between river differences were analysed and a high degree of statistical similarity was found between the species composition of . The Monographiae Biologicae, vol 64. Vol I pp 457, Vol II pp 815, Payne AI (1975) The reproductive cycle, condition and feeding in Barbus liberiensis, a tropical stream-dwelling cyprinid. Differences in diet are discussed in terms of the probable future of each species in the new Volta Lake in Ghana as it matures. The city of Bonthe is located on this island. In: Proceedings International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with HBV infection enrolled between 30 April 2019 and 30 April 2021. Rev Hydrobiol Trop 23:329350, Paugy D, Leveque C, Teugels GG (2003) The fresh and brackish water fishes of West Africa. Scanned by Google. Atlantic Ocean; and a wide plains area extending inland to about the Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. A. Ian Payne. Sierra Leone Tropical River Fisheries Management Project (R3742). Mape. United Nations. which extends 48 km eastward. and behind the trees, marine and freshwater swamps occupy large areas. PDF 5. Types of rivers and their characteristics - Springer https://www.britannica.com/place/Sierra-Leone-River, Food And Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations - Sierra Leone. A Rokel River Water Rights Agreement (Ratification) Act was signed with the developers of the mines; the mines are in operation since 1933 to 1975 by Sierra Leone Development Company (DELCO) and Astro Minerals from 1983. Flag. Sierra Leone - Encyclopedia of the Nations The cyclothem (series of beds deposited) in Sierra Leone In Sierra Leone, the continental shelf is isolated from the seasonal coastal The dry season lasts from November to is by far the largest. thermocline and nutrients according to the oscillation of the equatorial current system. Musee Roy. Intertidal flats containing sediments of grain size varying from clay to season, MRAG Ltd, London, p 77, Payne AI, McCarton B (1985) Estimation of population parameters and their application to the development of fishery management models in two African rivers. Scanned by Google. Challenges of hepatitis B treatment in rural Sub-Saharan Africa J Fish Biol 13:627629, Payne AI (1983) Estuarine and salt tolerant tilapia species. Sierra Leone. The sediments consist of a series of sands, clays and gravels By Thomas Eyre Poole, 1850. This river is tidal and during the rainy season it rises about 2.7 m. Sierra Leone River: Sierra Leone River is merely an arm of the sea receiving waters of several tributaries: Kumrabe Creek (7.2 km north-eastward of Tagrin Point), and Bunce River (4.8 km south of Tagrin Point). Gallinas and Sulima Rivers and the currents of these two rivers have formed a sand (African Issues Series). (Watts, 1958). harmattan range 2627C and 2829C for the wet and dry season, respectively (Williams, 1968). clays in quiet waters outside the estuary, and this is then overlain by silty sand and Fig. The Rokel River (also Seli River; previously Pamoronkoh River) is the largest river in the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa. Sherbro Island is separated from the mainland by Sherbro River on the Sierra Leone: A Description of the Manners and Customs of the Liberated Africans; with observations upon the natural history of the colony and a cotice of thecNative tribes, &c. &c. By Robert Clarke, M.R.C.S., 1843. Recharge estimates from 16 109 m3 per annum to 37 109 m3 per annum have been suggested (South Africa, Department of Water Affairs 1986), but only a small portion of this can be recovered economically. During the dry as is indicated in Table 2. the capital city of Freetown. Steam sediment studies were carried out for assessing the mineral concentration of arsenic. House of Commons, from page 316, 1791. Guinea, Liberia. Sierra Leone River, river, an estuary on the Atlantic, in western Sierra Leone. The West African country of Sierra Leone occupies an area of 71,740 sq. entrance south-southeastward of Kortimaw Island. By J.A. km. Freetown is located, and Yawri Bay, which is located in the center of A Complete Collection of the Treaties and Conventions, and Reciprocal Regulations at Present Subsisting Between Great Britain and Foreign Powers. Also important are the Mano and Moro Rivers, which form the southern Lists peoples of Sierra Leone from page 334. RAISED BEACHES IN SIERRA LEONE The heightof the clifffootbeneaththe main raisedbeach lies between35 feet and 40 feet(Fig. J Zool Lond 176:247269, Payne AI (1976) The determination of age and growth in Barbus liberiensis from the scales. The discrepancy in water resources between the north and south of the region is best illustrated by the mean annual runoff of the Zambezi River (Table 5.1), at 39 109 m3, an amount equivalent to more than 75% of the total runoff from all the rivers in the Republic of South Africa (51.5 109 m3 according to Hattingh 1981). These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The river basin measures 10,622 square kilometres (4,101sqmi) in size, with the drainage divided by the Gbengbe and Kabala hills and the Sula Mountains. It lies in the Northern and Western Hemispheres of the Earth. By Court of Directors, Sierra Leone Company, 1791. Some of the major ones like Rokel River, Taia River, Moa River, and Sewa River have been marked on the map. The phenomenon of reversal of current is more marked in the coastal The great majority of southern Africas water resources are riverine. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Allanson, B.R., Hart, R.C., OKeeffe, J.H., Robarts, R.D. The heaviest rainfall occurs in Shenge Point (in the North) and Cape Saint Ann (in the South). The Rokel River (also Seli River; previously Pamoronkoh River) is the largest river in the Republic of Sierra Leone in West Africa. The most significant dam in Sierra Leone is the Guma Valley Dam, which Bull. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, Ganda GP (1987) The relationship of the reproductive cycle of selected fish species to the hydrological changes of the river Taia in Sierra Leone. Sierra Leone is divided into four provinces and one area. An Interesting Narrative of a Mission Sent to Sierra Leone in Africa by the Methodists in 1811; to which is prefixed an account of the rise, progress, disasters and present state of that colony, the whole interspersed with a variety of remarkable particulars. Ann. Scanned by Google. Scanned by Google. Recounts the story of Bai Bureh on p. 15-16 and mentions Sierra Leone on p. 260. By John Walker, 1798. Bonthe are given in Appendix 2. The coastal plain covers a zone varying in width from about 8 to 40 Sea level, Hemispheres: It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel. In the southern section of the plateau The highest point in the country, the 1,948 m tall Mount Bintumani of the Loma Mountains, is located here. Convention ORSTOM-OMS, Paris, p 393, Leveque CE, Paugy D (1999) Les poisons des eaux continentales africaines: diversite, ecologie, utilisation par lhomme. [8], John MacCormac, an Irish businessman, settled on Timbo Island in 1816 and started exporting African Oak from the Rokel River. Sierra Leone is a West African country. conditions and the fisheries of Sierra Leone. By Edmund D. Morel, E.D.M., 1902. FAO Rome, Cifa Occas. Of the numerous rivers, the most A representation of present-day distribution of sediments Written by British Lieutenant John Matthews about his experiences in Sierra Leone in 1785, 1786 and 1787. Scanned by Google. By A.H. Keane, F.R.G.S., 1895. Mol Phylogenet Evol 68:6480. narrower in the southern part of the coast. Ser. Scanned by Google. South of the Zambezi there are very few natural freshwater lakes. Sierra Leone is located on the west coast of Africa, north of the equator. CAS Longhurst (1958) considers the Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel (New Issue), Africa Vol. Scanned by Google. This Africa protected areas related article is a stub. Sherbro River: Sherbro River, which is bound on the East and North by the mainland, around the Rokel/Sierra Leone estuary - based on Strasser-King (1979). The water agreement provides exclusive and preferential rights to the use of the Rokel waters by special agreement for a period of 89 years from 1 January 1938. The Gallinas and Sulima Rivers: The strong surf around the estuaries of the waters. Inland Waters of Southern Africa: An Ecological Perspective, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2382-9_5, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. These administrative divisions are further subdivided into 16 districts that include 14 rural districts, and the remaining two districts constitute the national capital of Freetown. It is indented with many estuaries and creeks. Rokel River (Seli River) An Authentic Account of the Late Expedition to Bulam, on the Coast of Africa; with a description of the present settlement of Sierra Leone, and the adjacent country. The river has low. The ECC and the cold CC contribute to the Mission Work in Sierra Leone, West Africa. Sierra Leone Maps & Facts - World Atlas TOPOGRAPHIC AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS, 2.2.1 Bottom types and littoral morphology, 2.2.1 Thermal stratification and salinity factor. Scanned by Google. Scanned by Google. Wadstrom, 1794. and W.G. The reported maximum and minimum discharge at Magbass, one of the three stations, are 1,905 cubic metres (67,300cuft) and 2 cubic metres (71cuft) respectively. From page 530, details the voyage of Pedro de Cintra and the various geographical features he named along the coast which includes present-day Sierra Leone. [14] The Magbass Irrigation Project was implemented downstream of the dam. The mean annual temperature is 26.6C Travels in the Timannee, Kooranko, and Soolima Countries, in Western Africa. Go to top. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Life, Scenery and Customs in Sierra Leone and the Gambia, Volume I. Environmental Biology of Fishes The coastal plain has numerous Temperature affects the distribution and abundance of fish and other organisms. Sherbro River has strong tidal streams at Sherbro entrance with a rate of 4 kn at half 402 kilometers (250 miles), Territorial sea limits: Includes initial contacts by Carthage, Portugal and Britain. It is suggested that this factor is probably the rainfall and discharge pattern as evidenced by the coincidence, almost exactly, of the Upper Guinean with the 2500mm per year isohyet. The Yalunka people established their capital, Falaba, near the source of the Rokel. Bioscience 58:403414. It is also reported that there are eight winter wader species reported which accounts for 1% of its world population. Additionally, there are effects of the equatorial undercurrent (Lomonosov Current) which is roughly circular in shape, is a compact country in the southwestern The southern African region can be split into the well-watered tropical North, drained by major rivers such as the Zambezi and Okavango, and the water-limited South, of which the western side is truly arid, and the eastern and southern regions are more adequately provided for. Sierra Leone has four distinct physical regions. The climate is characterized by two distinct seasons: the dry season The above map can be downloaded for free, and used for educational purposes like map-pointing activities. Mills, D.D., Bishop of the United Brethren in Christ, 1898. Slightly smaller than the state of South Carolina, Sierra Leone, which part of West Africa. By Tristan Reed and James A. Robinson, 2013. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. whereas in the wet season the average salinity value is 19.7/00 (Longhurst, 1983). a depth of 200 m is about 27 500 km2. Appendix 1. Scarcies Rivers: Great Scarcies (Kobuter River) is relatively narrow and its banks The highest point in Sierra Leone, Mount Loma Mansa (Bintimani), rises Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Scanned by Google. About 21 km above Tagrin point, Sierra Leone River Scanned by Google. By his granddaughter, Viscountess Knutsford, 1900. The Portuguese in Africa, 1415-1600 | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum The formation is broadly categorized as folded sedimentary rocks. The 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi) of the Sierra Leone River estuary is classified as a wetland of international importance Ramsar Convention in the west of Sierra Leone. the hydrographic conditions. and on the South and West by Sherbro Island, could be referred to as a sound or strait Bishop of Sierra Leone, 1894. A coastal swamp region that runs parallel to the Atlantic coast for around 320 km and comprises of a flat, frequently flooded plain with width ranging from 8 to 40 km. [13], The Bumbuna Dam has been developed on the river by building a 93 metres (305ft) high dam in the narrow reach of the river, which has created a lake that stretches 30 kilometres (19mi) upstream. (NEC). [10] The estuary, which extends over an area of 2,950 square kilometres (1,140sqmi), was listed as Ramsar site of wetland importance in 1999. feet). barrier 810 km long between the open sea and coast, thus forming a long narrow lagoon. Figure 2 Diagramatic representation of present-day distribution of sediments Based on Longhurst (1983). There is a marked difference between solar radiation in the dry and rainy (wet) The area of the continental shelf up to The river separates Freetown, Sierra Leone's capital city, which is on the south side of the harbor, from the country's principal airport, Lungi International Airport, which is on the north side of the harbor in an area called the "Bullom Shore." Written by British Lieutenant John Matthews about his experiences in Sierra Leone in 1785, 1786 and 1787. The Universal Gazetteer, Being a Concise Description, Alphabetically Arrangedin the Known World. American Geophysical Union, Washington D.C., p 233, Book 1. pp 19, Hugueny B, Leveque C (1994) Freshwater fish zoogeography in West Africa: faunal similarities between river basins. Smithiana Bulletin 12:2538, Payne AI, McCarton B, Ganda G (1989) Final Report. The surface area of Sierra Leone is 71 620 km 2. The 200year history of deforestation across Sierra Leone is outlined but the much more extensive impacts on the western and central river basins compared to the more protected forests in the east does not appear to have been reflected in major impacts on species distribution. The dynamics of fish populations in two African rivers are being investigated with a view to developing fishery management models for tropical non-floodplain rivers. Scanned by Google. IFAN 28(Ser A (3)):10411063, MRAG, 18 Queen Street, London, W1J 5PN, UK, You can also search for this author in Republic of Sierra Leone, Area: GlobalGeografia.com Understanding is probably now sufficient to allow a proper assessment of the conservation status of these previously poorly known species to be carried out. There is a considerable The oceanographic factors affecting the hydrographic regime, the estuaries and Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Google Scholar, Fryer G, Iles TD (1972) The cichlid fishes of the Great Lakes of Africa. The Mende, found in the east and south, and the Temne, found in the centre and northwest, form the two largest groups. Corrections? etc. July, August and September. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Mrs. Norton, 1849. Rainfall is greatest along the coast, especially in the Category:Rivers of Sierra Leone - Wikipedia sub-community, sparid community is associated with the type of bottom deposit and with By W. Schaus, F.Z.S. J.S. * List of rivers of Sierra Leone; B. Bankasoka River; J. Jong River; K. Kolent River; L. Little Scarcies River; M. Mano River; Moa River; R. centimeters (125 inches) in the rest of the country. beaches, and spits, cliffs, lagoons, estuaries, mangrove swamps, etc.). By Elizabeth Melville, edited by Hon. Present State of the Colony of Sierra Leone, Being Extracts of Recent Letters from Hannah Kilham. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Scanned by Google. It is also reported that its orogeny belongs to the Pan African thermo-tectonic age of about 550 Ma. waters of Sierra Leone are affected by influx of solar energy. lowered solar radiation and a dip in mixed layer temperatures (Longhurst, 1963 and 1983). The estuary is also important for shipping. At its entrance Sherbro River is about 32 km wide between with occasional thin beds of argillaceous limestone and calcareous grit and, also, seems Scanned by Google. 2. The distribution of sciaenid community, estuarine sciaenid continue to flow under the sea. The South African Department of Water Affairs (1986) tentatively estimates that 5.4 109 m3 might represent the realistic potential maximum groundwater use per year. As observed on the physical map above, it has a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean. This indicates that the fish communities in the rivers of the Upper Guinean region are not so dependent on the equatorial forests that covered most, but not the entire region, but rather some other factor. Sierra Leone Longman Group Limited, London, p 284, Matthes H (1961) The feeding habits of some central African freshwater fishes. [7] Geologically it is a tectonically controlled basin with formations of Precambrian, Infra-Cambrian and Pleistocene age. The continental shelf Details of reproductive and feeding patterns of the major species are presented and used to look at lessons for conservation and the need to take these into account in infrastructure planning and assessing potential impacts. The West African country of Sierra Leone occupies an area of 71,740 sq. The Critical Review, Or, Annals of Literature, Volume 65. 195180 was 122.7 in (311.6 cm). Includes several references to Sierra Leone, including the death of Prince Naimbonna (sic. Schlenker, 1861. By S. W. Koelle, Church Missionary, 1854. (submerged sand banks) that comprises the Bissagos Archipelago, off Guinea-Bissau in the Ian Payne, A. The mountainous Sierra Leone Peninsula, on which Freetown is located, is The range of salinity values is correlated with amount of rainfall and effluents of The cichlids in Barombi Mbo probably evolved there from two or three ancestral populations and now show clear ecological separation in their feeding and breeding, and the problem of speciation within the lake is of particular interest. The area is calledWestern AreaorFreetown Peninsula. Several islands, including Tasso Island (the largest), Tombo Island, and the historically important Bunce Island, are located in the estuary.[2]. topography of the coastal sector of Sierra Leone is shown in Figure 1. three largest and most important are Lake Sonfon, Lake Mabesi, and Lake Preliminary work was carried out, The authors present an up-to-date check-lis1 of the freshwater fishes of the coastal basins of Sierra Leone and Liberia. Guinea Current (GC) which runs along the West African coast from Senegal to the Bight of [8], The iron ore mining at Marampa is dependent on pumped water supply from the river. East of the plains, the land rises to a broad, The present-day coastline of From page 927 copies of treaties ceding various Sierra Leonean territory and islands to Britain. Scanned by Google. 40 kilometers (25 miles) long and about 16 kilometers (10 miles) wide. PDF copy. The hydrographic regime of Sierra Leone waters is characterized by a relatively [6] University of Tel Aviv Press, Tel Aviv, pp 534543, Payne AI, Arthur RI (2010) Sugar to ethanol project: fisheries impact assessment. Sierra Leone River - Wikipedia The wood of each tree species has its own characteristics, and by measuring their forms and structures, the trees give us information about their environments. By The Rev. By Ralph Griffiths. List of rivers of Sierra Leone - Wikipedia . is the most productive part of the equatorial area (Herbland and Le Bouteiller, 1982). Culture of Sierra Leone - history, people, clothing, traditions, women This river is tidal and during the . Afr. Ernest Graham Ingraham, D.D. temperatures for the period 195180 for Freetown, Lungi and Bonthe are given in Environ Biol Fish 39:365380, Lelek A (1973) Sequence of changes in fish populations of the new tropical man-made lake, Kainji, Nigeria. Sierra Leone - Plant and animal life | Britannica the North and South Equatorial Currents. Njala University College Press, Njala, p 198, Daget J (1950) Poissons deau douce du Sierra Leone. known as the Grain Coast, which borders Liberia. are lined with mangroves. It holds the major ports of Queen Elizabeth II Quay and Pepel. middle of the country. varies from 31/00 to 30/00 in the wet season. predominantly muddy areas shaded and the predominantly sandy areas of the continental shelf basin between Saint Ann Shoals and the Bissagos Islands (Longhurst, Institute pour Recherche pour la Devloppment, Paris, p 521, Loiselle PV (1979) A revision of the genus Hemichromis Peters 1858 (Teleostei: Cichlidae). border with Liberia. the distribution and constituents of benthic fauna. Sierra Leone: The Principal British Colony on the Western Coast of Africa. Scanned by Google. Elizabeth Melville was the wife of a judge of the Mixed Commission Court in Freetown. about 608 meters (2,000 feet). Sierra Leone exhibits a number of depositional and erosional features (that is, sandy [11] The site is bounded by Cape Point on the western side of the Freetown, by the Bunce River on one of its banks, and the Tagrin Point where areas of the Rokel joins at the southern end of its mouth. Inland Waters of Southern Africa: An Ecological Perspective pp 6581Cite as, Part of the Monographiae Biologicae book series (MOBI,volume 64). mountains, which receive more than 580 centimeters (230 inches) of sector between Senegal and Liberia and this has biological consequences on fisheries of Some of these like the Banana Islands, Turtle Islands, and Sherbo Islands can be observed on the map. Place: Sierra Leone / Format: Shapefile - EarthWorks Search Results northern border with Guinea. The Rokel River originates in the Loma 1983). Published in 1788. Sierra Leone. The mangrove swamps are broken up by numerous creeks, behind which are mangroves and strips of freshwater swamp forest.

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