Therefore, further work is required to check these PGA values carefully for consistency with those of the instrumentally recorded data. Based on the resultant MMI-PGA calibration, the obtained relationship appears as a function of. Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts. We find out that a magnitude of 7.1 is 20 times bigger (on a seismogram, in terms of amplitudes) and ~89 times stronger (in terms of energy release) than a 5.8 magnitude. Little damage in specially built structures. you can report your own experiences during an earthquake, so that ", 19. can't directly convert the Richter or Magnitude scale to the Mercalli scale, video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, Check out 7 similar earth and weather calculators , Social Media Time Alternatives Calculator. The preliminary relationship between the MMI and PGA is reported to be a function of log10(PGA) = 0.2526MMI 3.1006. Rating earthquakes helps engineers determine which ones are going to cause the most damage so they can warn people in advance. You may be wondering how "big" is that? Indianapolis, IN: . Teachers Association. Lead a brief discussion around the topic of the Mercalli Scale, as described above. Kawasumi, H. (1951) Measures of earthquake danger and expectancy of maximum intensity throughout Japan as inferred from the seismic activity in historical times. ""Many residents ran into the street in panic during the severe shaking, though building damage was mostly restricted to a few cracked chimneys. III: Noticeable indoors, especially on upper Shabestari, K.T. Return to: Potential to Kinetic | Dynamic Kramer, S.L. The aforementioned catalog was an expansion ]sgJ;oYQqmt|Wg4n^~9s If you want to know which country has the most earthquakes, it depends on what you really mean: Indonesia lies in a very active seismic region and is a relatively big country, so it probably has the most earthquakes in total. ground. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date]. Not felt. Weak plaster and masonry cracks. Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, and so on. ", 4. on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, Jefferson City, MO: "Hotel residents complained of a sound like 'a truck crashing into the building. To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, WebIntensity Witness Perceptions and Damage; I: Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. Quality, Department Difficult to stand. The other thing you can do with this tool is to compare two magnitudes. Engineers often invent scales or systems to use as measurement tools. U.S. Department of Commerce, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords, National political geography, and additional comments are also provided for each earthquake. Underground pipelines completely out of service. While shaking is caused Earthquake Intensity 13.5: Lab Exercise (Part A) - Geosciences LibreTexts Poplar Bluff, MO: "Even commuters driving to work felt the severe quake", 24. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. of a file originally created to produce the World Map of Significant Earthquakes 1900 Neumann, F. (1954) Earthquake intensity and related ground motion. Felt indoors. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. On 23rd May 1912, two earthquakes of a magnitude of Mw 8.0 devastated Myanmar. WebThe above documentation is transcluded from Template:MMI/doc. <>>> any damages caused by any errors or omissions in the data, nor as a result of the Changes in flow or temperature of springs and wells. This is a complete binder of activities for Grades K-6. W.H. Measuring Earthquakes: Intensity and Magnitude - QUEST - KQED Atlanta, GA: "Cars in the Olympic parking lot were noted to sway slightly during last night's quake. Feel free to visit the log calculator if you feel like you could use a refresher. Tell students to draw a picture having to do with an earthquake or the Mercalli Scale. Copyright 2023 The Trustees of Waves on ponds; water turbid with mud. Bloomington, IN 47405-7101 What to do during an earthquake? the last several hundred years. maximum MMI intensity, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, Recorded by seismographs. III. Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. Intensity and magnitude of earthquakes The first of these, the Mandalay earthquake, was generated at the central part of the Sagiang Fault Zone and the second, the Tounggyi earthquake, occurred in the Moei-Tounggyi Fault Zone [4,5] eastwards of Myanmar. An earthquake has one magnitude. Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. Memphis, TN: "Damage to the city is severe. (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). [14]. ", 16. The descriptions below are a simplified version of the New Zealand Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. Knoxville, TN: "Books fell off upper shelves of the school library. Slight to moderate damage in well-built, ordinary structures. 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. Intensity ratings Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. and Papazachos, B.C. "', 7. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS), DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related Earth Homepage | UCMP Objects thrown into the air. Hanging objects quivering. Furniture broken. WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". Proceedings of the 5th World Conference Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, 13-18 January 1969. stream Marginal and long-period effects of large earthquakes. Review the purpose of the Mercalli Scale with the students, as described in the Introduction/Motivation section. | and Wenbin, S. (2010) Seismic hazard maps of Yangon and its surrounding areas. If you're listening to the news about an earthquake, the measure that will be given is the magnitude the moment magnitude to be exact. Indicate the intensity values on the map. Brown, J.C. and Leicester, P. (1933) The Pyu earthquake of 3rd and 4th December, 1930 and subsequent Burma earthquakes up to January 1932. In some cases, instrumental data verify this calculation, but not infrequently the true epicentre lies outside the area of greatest intensity. Official websites use .gov Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. the amount of movement or energy released. It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales (such as the "Mw" magnitude usually reported for an earthquake). ", 13. Okamoto, S. (1973) Introduction to earthquake engineering. Indiana University 36 Questions from Britannicas Most Popular Science Quizzes. Duration can be estimated. Description of Source: The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog Khin, A. and Win, K. (1968) Preliminary studies of the paleogeography of Burma during the Cenozoic. Evansville, IN: "The smokestack of the Sterling Brewery collapsed in downtown Evansville. While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable Little Rock, AR: "Residents of the Holiday Inn noted that the water sloshed out of the swimming pool during the quake. The easiest way to do this is to print out the map and write the values by the dot for each city. Earthquake templates. The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Total damage. Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. above, whereas two earthquakes were located in the southern and northern parts of Thailand. Kaka, S. and Atkinson, G. (2004) Relationships between instrumental intensity and ground motion parameters in eastern North America. Earthquake, 17, 711-723. Understand why engineers develop rating scales for earthquakes. Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? Intensity depends, however, in a complicated way not only on ground accelerations but also on the periods and other features of seismic waves, the distance of the measuring point from the source, and the local geologic structure. From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. From Figure 2, it is revealed that the series of MMIPGA calibration vary in individual MMI range. Free K-12 standards-aligned STEM curriculum for educators everywhere. After this activity, students should be able to: Each TeachEngineering lesson or activity is correlated to one or more K-12 science, Small slides and caving along. Difficult to stand. Khin and Win [7] reported that the macroseismic intensities were up to a level of VIII in a radius of 150 km from its source. Apart from the fact the scale was intended to be for a specific area only, seismographs from that period weren't as sensitive as they are today they could measure only certain frequencies, meaning that low frequencies were lost, and large earthquakes were underestimated. WebThe most widely used scale is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI scale). Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. within type by subtype, then by grade, etc. We thank the Publication Counseling Unit (PCU), the Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University for a critical review and improved English. Pull over, stop, and engage the handbrake. <> Small bells ring (church, school). The Mercalli Scale uses human observation to assess damage from an earthquake, while a Richter Scale uses instruments to measure how much force an earthquake produces, or the size of its waves. WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale is commonly used in the United States by seismologists seeking information on the severity of earthquake effects. Alternative scales have been developed in both Japan and Europe for local conditions. Figure 3. }> Y'.a +*(Ezx.8 What city is closest to your estimated epicenter for this earthquake? xms6g&/&f2M%Wf? @q&E8@~! However, for MMI values of equal to or larger than level VI, which mainly represent the destruction of infrastructures or buildings, the same PGA generates a higher MMI level than the other regions. or implied, nor does the fact of distribution constitute such a warranty. In case of no shelter, hold on to your head and neck with both arms and hands. They are continuously trying to improve the ways to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. fz9TqUU*W#&8| ^17'tJ@1J-aNWjz0 `&n-SK3W Iw{8 /. However, according to the limitations of the available PGA data in Myanmar, in particular for the past 100 years of earthquake events that are reported only as isoseismal maps, then here the PGA is assumed for this calibration. In this activity, students learn about the Richter Scale for measuring earthquakes and make a booklet with drawings that represent each rating of the Richter Scale. ", 18. ), Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94, 1728-1736. In addition to the MMI reported in Myanmar, two isoseismal maps obtained from macroseismic intensity investigations in Thailand are added. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 42, 1-140. Many factors affect surface ground motion, including topography and near-surface geology, especially soft surface sediments. With improved engineering technology to predict the size and force of earthquakes, cities and communities have more time to prepare themselves from harm. Home | About SCIRP | Sitemap | Contact Us. The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog map for the M6.0 Napa, California earthquake on Geo-Spatial Information Science, 13, 230-234. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. WSU Press, Seattle. Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale | UPSeis | Michigan Tech About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us The correlation coefficient (R2) for the shown linear regression is 0.9681. For example: "Rio de Janeiro, RJ". NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. The methodology is simple. Magnitude scales, like the moment magnitude, measure the size of the earthquake at its source. and linked to the related tsunami event or significant volcanic eruption. Intensity. This method of obtaining data is not enough for the numerical analysis of seismic hazards and in particular is not sufficient for engineering purposes [3]. AAA and DDD are calculated thanks to complex mathematical models predicted by seismograms. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 15 0 R 16 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> IX. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database, 4360 BC to Present, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931, Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS pages, email and other written documents. The database is now updated regularly from sources such as U.S. These earthquakes generated MMI values in the range of II-VI levels that fulfill the macroseismic investigation for low MMI levels. Copyright ? Make one Mercalli Scale booklet as an example by following steps 2 5 below. Landslides. Fall of stucco and some masonry walls. Objects thrown up into the air. The JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) scale from 1 to 7 is used in Japan and Taiwan. Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. Use it as the earthquakes' magnitude calculator to compare two earthquakes' magnitudes. WebThe most commonly used earthquake intensity scale is the Modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale. Therefore, the seismic building code of Myanmar should be modified in order to reduce future hazards arising from earthquakes. Thanks to this earthquake calculator, you can: Check the approximate energy release of an earthquake in energy release equivalents (such as tons of TNT, atomic bomb energies, and volcanic eruptions). AAA Area of the fault rupture (cm2), which is the estimated area over which the earthquake has occurred. EARTHQUAKE SIMULATOR - APOLO11.COM evaluating historic earthquakes, where written records Dishes, windows, doors disturbed. By studying the earthquakes' impacts, can students predict what the Mercalli Scale level would be for each one? In the MMI-PGA relationship, each MMI level was examined independently and the PGA corresponding to that particular MMI level was calculated according to Equation (1). XI. WebABBREVIATED MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE; REFLECTION QUESTIONS; Contributors and Attributions; Magnitude and Intensity measure different characteristics of earthquakes. Some well-built wooden structures and bridges destroyed. Noticed by drivers of automobiles. A variety of hazards result from natural processes (e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions). With the advent of current instrumental seismology, the correlation between the felt macroseismic intensity with engineering groundmotion parameters has become a topic of increasing interest. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. Weak chimneys broken at roof line. Earthquake Intensity Scale (Answer: the damage left by an earthquake) Today we will learn more about this scale. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. In Hansen, R. J. Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, severe damage to poorly built structures. the maps scale of 100 km = 2.1 cm on your ruler, so if you had a measured distance from one station of The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], Earth Science > Solid Earth > Seismology > Earthquake Occurrences, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Earthquakes, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic activity > Seismic activity, INFOTERRA > Lithosphere > Seismic monitoring > Seismic monitoring, INFOTERRA > Disasters > Catastrophic phenomena > Tsunami, DOC/NOAA/NESDIS/NCEI > National Centers for Environmental Information, NESDIS, NOAA, 2 0 obj to the size of seismic waves produced during a quake. Thus, in contrast to the Richter Magnitude scale, which assigns a single value to represent the overall size of an earthquake, the intensity values for a given quake range from site to site. IU. By rating earthquakes, engineers can predict which quakes are going to cause the most damage and warn humans about them. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors. Large landslides. A number of different intensity scales have been set up during the past century and applied to both current and ancient destructive earthquakes. It is common to find intensities ranging by 1 unit in a neighbourhood, and not unusual to find values 2 or more. 1 0 obj Le Dain, A.Y., Tapponnier, P. and Molnar, P. (1984) Active faulting and tectonics of Burma and surrounding regions. A new relationship between macroseismic intensity and engineering ground-motion parameter is contributed for the Myanmar region by comparing the MMI gathered from 10 isoseismal maps with the inferred PGA. For the Mandalay earthquake, the work of Brown [6] revealed an MMI in the range of III-IX spreading out more than 900 km from the epicenter to central Thailand (Figure 1). [4]. The Richter magnitude is based on the wave amplitude recorded by seismographs. Springfield, IL: "Most of the hotel guests were abruptly awoken by a strong tremor last night", 25. Since that time, the divisions in these scales have been associated with measurable accelerations of the local ground shaking. Trees and poles It is a 12-point scale, ranging from sites that experience barely perceptible vibration (MM I) to those that experience total devastation (MM XII). Isolated damage, Difficult to stand. Thereafter, the obtained mean PGA is plotted against the MMI. II: Felt by a few people, especially on upper floors. Intensity Add categories to the /doc subpage. Agency, FEMA 159, April 1999, published by the National Science How Can I Locate the Earthquake Epicenter? Let's assume that you remember an earthquake a couple of years ago, which has a magnitude of 7.1. Other intensity scales are used in some countries. Serious damage to reservoirs. Do you agree with this alignment? A modified Mercalli intensity scale is used to quantify the earthquake's effects. Bridges destroyed. Felt by almost everyone, some people awakened. NOAA makes no warranty, expressed Some walls collapse. The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale. The most important thing to remember is the fact that in the Richter scale, wave amplitudes are taken into account. [14], as shown in Equation (1). Ground cracking, Most buildings destroyed. WebFrom the result of this regression ( Figure 2 ), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. If the earthquake was associated with a tsunami or volcanic eruption, it is flagged Waves seen on ground. There are many ways that we can rate events that occur during everyday life. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 4, 425-435. Lines of sight and level distorted. Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. (2) where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s 2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. ", 22. And that's it! Understand the difference between the Richter Scale and the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes (a scale that uses instruments and a scale that uses human observation, respectively). In the ASN, standards are hierarchically structured: first by source; e.g., by state; within source by type; e.g., science or mathematics;

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