Pediatr. Speak Out: Inbred Muslims - Southeast Missourian The overall frequency of inbreeding was 76% with a coefficient of 0.04151 which is probably the highest figure reported in literature. A study done on various isonymic groups in Pakistan16 showed the highest coefficient of inbreeding in Khokhars (0.05 120) and the lowest in Mughals (0.0 175). 7, Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Joydebpur, Bangladesh, 6th edition, 2008, Booklet No. The country has a relatively high, although declining, growth rate supported by high birth rates and low death rates. 271, Brisbane, Australia, SeptemberOctober 2004. London 15. However, the findings of previous studies on hybrid rice suggest cross talk about the physiological causes of its higher yield. Facebook: quarterly number of MAU (monthly active users) worldwide 2008-2022, Quarterly smartphone market share worldwide by vendor 2009-2022, Number of apps available in leading app stores Q3 2022, Profit from additional features with an Employee Account. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main food crop of more than one-half of the worlds population and grows worldwide. Introduction. 3, pp. Yang et al. In the present investigation flag leaf of the tested hybrid varieties contained higher amounts of chlorophyll and maintained higher chlorophyll a:b ratio over elite inbred BRRI dhan45. There are small non-Muslim religious groups, including Christians, Ahmadis, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Bahs and Zoroastrians (Parsis),[95]. This observation was partially consistent with Peng et al. The prevalence of such marriages is dictated, to a large extent, by culture, religion, tradition and civil laws3. WebA 2005 BBC survey found that 55 percent of Britains huge Pakistani population was married to a first cousin. Therefore, our estimate of the prevalence might be too low.. About 70% of inbred families live in desolate areas. B. Chakrabarti, P. K. Aggarwal, S. D. Singh, S. Nagarajan, and H. Pathak, Impact of high temperature on pollen germination and spikelet sterility in rice: comparison between basmati and non-basmati varieties, Crop and Pasture Science, vol. Cow-dung was applied @ 10tha1 and chemical fertilizers as urea, triple superphosphate, muriate of potash, gypsum, and zinc sulphate were applied @ 270-130-120-70-10kgha1, respectively [31]. This result was at par with the findings of Laza et al. In addition to finding such a high number of cases of extreme inbreeding, the researchers found that such cases had a wide range of negative health impacts on people in terms of physical, mental, and reproductive issues. WebThe inbreeding factor can account for the epistemological myopia of Muslims, particularly Muslim criminals. Levitan, M. Text book of human genetics 3rd Ed. Murdock, G.P 1967. There are at least two reasons inbreeding is so common in parts of the Muslim world (in addition to ignorance of its link to genetic defects): tradition and religion. There are three major dialect patterns within which the various individual dialects may be classified; these are Pakhto, which is the Northern (Peshawar) variety, and the softer Pashto spoken in the southern areas such as in Quetta. 19, pp. 3, pp. Higher chlorophyll content in the flag leaves and its slow reduction toward maturity delayed senescence of the hybrid rice varieties (Table 4). The inbreeding coefficient for Holsteins is currently around 8 percent, meaning an average calf gets identical copies of 8 percent of its genes from its mother and its father. About 9.1% animals were result of matings where mates had full-sib or more strong relationship. Distinct urban-rural differentials emerged. Gent., 1 975;20:91 - 107. Arch. 41, pp. With an urbanisation rate of 51.9% as of 2017, Sindh is the country's most urbanised province, and is even more urban than Islamabad Capital Territory. Half of the Muslim population are inbred. The study was exclusively focused on extreme inbreeding, which includes relations between first- or second-degree relatives such as siblings, grandparents, aunts, and uncles. 19, pp. J. M. Yan, H. Q. Zhai, R. X. Zhang, D. M. Jiao, B. S. Chen, and H. S. Zhan, Study on characteristics of photosynthesis and assimilates transportation in heavy ear hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.), Acta Agronomica Sinica, vol. All the plant samples were separated into root, leaf blades (leaf), culm and sheath (stem), and panicles. [4][5][6] This figure includes Pakistan's four provinces, Islamabad Capital Territory, Azad Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan. [57] Although only about 7% of Pakistanis speak it as their first language, it is widely spoken and understood as a second language by the vast majority of Pakistanis. With populations of 14.9million and 11.1million respectively (in 2017), they are among the world's largest metropolises. 7, pp. In terms of their vitality, 7 are classified as 'institutional', 17 are 'developing', 37 are 'vigorous', 10 are 'in trouble', and 3 are 'dying'. Pakistan's Human Development Index (HDI) value for 2018 is in the medium human development category with a score of 0.560 (152nd rank out of 189 countries and territories) compared to 0.614 (135th rank) for Bangladesh and 0.647 (129th rank) for India. With mentally ill muslims committing terror attacks on a frequent basis in Europe, inbreeding may provide a reason for such prevalence. Of all the children with malformations, 83% (1530 out of 1835) were the product of consanguineous marriages with a ratio of 5:1 between related and unrelated parents as compared to 2.6:1 in the comparison group which had no malformations in their children with a p=0.00008, Pearsons Chi squarevalue of 15.66 and a contingency coefficient of 0.12417, making this association highly significant. Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school, although there are some Hanbalis and Ahl-e-Hadees. Then, the five readings were averaged for the plot. 184188, 2001. PAKISTAN DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEY - Census in Pakistan [3] The country's population structure is relatively young, with a median age of 19. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. A note was also made whetherthe couples were married intheirfathers family (n=1895, 50%), mothers family (n=1820, 47%), or whether they were related to both (n105, 3%). The United Nations estimated that in February 2021, only 42% of births in Pakistan were officially registered, making it the world's most populous country where more than half of births remained unregistered. S. Peng, K. G. Cassman, S. S. Virmani, J. Sheehy, and G. S. Khush, Yield potential trends of tropical rice since the release of IR8 and the challenge of increasing rice yield potential, Crop Science, vol. (a) 20 December planting, (b) 05 January planting, (c) 20 January planting, and (d) 05 February planting. Chlorophyll content indicates photosynthetic efficiency of leaves [24, 40]. What they surely didnt expect to find was that more than 13,000 people across the U.K. are the result of extreme inbreeding. Imaizumi, Y., Schinozaki, N. and Aoki, H. Inbreedmg in Japan: Results of a nation-wide study. Grain filling index reflects the source-sink relationship [36]. Kobata et al. Muslims suffer insanity, low IQ, recessive disorders from 1400 Aside from these, there are 103 more cities in the country with populations of at least 100,000. Consanguineous marriages in Pakistan - PubMed All city population figures below include adjacent cantonments. 7. 3552, International Rice Reseseach Institute and Bangladesh Rice Reseseach Institute, 1999. [87], Other languages spoken by linguistic minorities include the languages listed below, with speakers ranging from a few hundred to tens of thousands. The unit plot size was 20m2 (5.0m 4.0m). Was Hideki Tj A War Criminal Or Loyal Statesman? Weighted mean (Mw) concerning percentage frequency and mean co-efficient of inbreeding have been utilised for wider comparisons. 236-252. [36]: Modell, B. and Kuliev, AM. However, relatively high temperature impaired slow rate of remobilization and transportation of assimilates ultimately causes rapid reduction of the percentage of filled grain in the hybrids compared to the inbred variety. 3, pp. RT @RoroniggaZolo: 70% of British Pakistanis are from Mirpur, a highly inbred and backwards area of Pakistan. Kulkami, ML. WebA 2009 study put the percentage of consanguine (blood related) marriages in Libya at 48.4%. To avoid the adverse effect of higher temperature, the hybrid varieties should be transplanted at the onset of the dry season. Relationship between the shoot reserve translocation percentage and average daily temperature from flowering to maturity. 34, no. Vertical bars represent standard error (, Source-sink relation and postheading crop growth rate of hybrid and inbred rice varieties at different dates of planting in dryseasons, 2008-200. The team also found that the progeny of inbreeding had a 44 percent increased risk of disease of any kind in comparison to those born to unrelated parents. Leaf area index, chlorophyll status, and photosynthetic rate of flag leaf, postheading crop growth rate, shoot reserve translocation, source-sink relation and yield, and its attributes of each variety were comprehensively analyzed. This poor filled grain percentage was associated with lower postheading crop growth rate and also related to failure of assimilates supply to the spikelets due to rising temperature. According to the BBC, a muslim family in the UK is up to 13 times more likely to have a child with recessive genetic disorders, and account for a third of all children with genetic birth defects. A Birmingham study proved that the relationship of parents significantly and adversely affected the child, the total prevalence of congenital malformations and handicap of 9% in the consanguineous group (mainly Pakistanis settled in the UK) as compared to 3% in the general population. Hashmi ( Department of Paediatric Surgery, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. Does sink regulation, rather than sink size, play a major role? Field Crops Research, vol. Table 1 13, pp. This shows the poor performance of Heera2 and BRRI hybrid dhan2 for the delayed planting dates. statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. This was entirely predictable, it just hasnt been talked about. B. Dalei, and B. K. Choudhury, Response of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa) to date of planting, spacing and seedling rate during wet season, Indian Journal of Agronomy, vol. 3, pp. as of 2018[38], Ethnic groups in Pakistan (World Factbook)[41], The major ethnolinguistic groups of Pakistan include Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Saraikis, Muhajirs, Balochs, Paharis[a][b] and Brahuis,[42][c] with significant numbers of Kashmiris, Chitralis, Shina, Baltis, Kohistanis, Torwalis, Hazaras, Burusho, Wakhis, Kalash, Siddis and other various minorities. J. Yang, S. Peng, Z. Zhang, Z. Wang, R. M. Visperas, and Q. Zhu, Grain and dry matter yields and partitioning of assimilates in japonica/indica hybrid rice, Crop Science, vol. 4849, 2001. B. Ferrer, Bi-phasic growth patterns in rice, Annals of Botany, vol. The overall prevalence of congenital malformations in children of related parents was 40% (1530 out of 3820) and in non-related parents 26% (305 out of 1180) (p=<0.01). Climate of both experimental sites is similar. These results indicated that BRRI dhan45 has the genotypic superiority over the tested hybrids with respect to postheading photosynthetic assimilation per unit leaf area. 1925, 2000 (Chinese). 9, pp. Flag leaves from the main tiller of five representative plants of each plot were used to measure photosynthetic rate with a portable photosynthesis analyzer (Model: LI-6400, Li-COR Inc. USA) at 2, 9, 16, and 23 days after flowering under clear sunshine from 11.00 am to 12.30 pm when photosynthetically active radiation at the top of the canopy ranged from 1300 to 1400molm2s1. Rainfall is scanty or absent in early dry season (December-January). The majority of Shia Muslims belong to the Ithn'Ashariyyah branch,[92] while a smaller number practice Ismailism. forms: { where: R BC = the coefficient of relationship between animals B and C which we want to measure.. S = the Greek symbol meaning add. () = the fraction of an individuals genetic material that is transmitted to its progeny. WebMianchannu-51 --19 70 Muridke-92 3-19 114 Sheikhupura-381 32-67 480 Gujrat 34 306 6 9 70 425 Jhelum 4 394 39 3 338 778 Consanguinity related prenatal and postnatal mortality in Pakistan inbreeding. Studied hybrids exhibited 7.5% higher shoot reserve translocation to grain over inbred BRRI dhan45 at all planting dates except 5 February planting and the magnitude of decreasing assimilate remobilization rate to grain was steeper in hybrids and was in the order of Heera2 (60%) > BRRI hybrid dhan2 (41%) > inbred BRRI dhan45 (19%). 61, no. [52][53] The majority Pakistan's languages belong to the Indo-Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. Hum. ), Also spoken in: China, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)", Definitely endangered "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home", Severely endangered "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves", Critically endangered "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently", Extinct "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s", This page was last edited on 28 April 2023, at 20:57. The coefficient itself is calculated taking into account the total number of married couples, number of related couples, the number of various types of relationshiops and coefficients of relationships, using a complex formula 10 These relationships were used to calculate coefflcient of inbreeding in the families under study, but for the sake of statistical analysis, first cousins once removed were grouped with second cousins and second cousins once removed were considered together with distant relatives, The data was subjected to detailed statistical analysis. Punjabi is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan. Whereas, some investigators mentioned that the hybrid has the lower single-leaf photosynthetic rate throughout the whole growth period and greater LAI contributes to the heterosis in biomass production and grain yield [3, 29, 30]. Scientists and doctors are no doubt frightened to speak out for fear of being branded racist, but at what cost? scale pig keeping: why inbreeding matters Recently, China has imposed new laws forbidding marriages between first and second cousins. 110118, 2008. R. F. Wang, Y. H. Zhang, L. S. Qian, L. H. Wu, and Q. N. Tao, Studies on diagnostics of nitrogen in rice using chlorophyll meter, Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University, vol. Ten plants were sampled from each plot at heading and at maturity. However, the hybrids and inbred varieties exhibited statistically identical yield in late planting. WebInbreeding is the production of offspring from the mating or breeding of individuals or organisms that are closely related genetically. When researchers began building the U.K. Biobank for genetic data in 2006, they set out to study the relationship between peoples DNA and their likelihood of developing certain diseases. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. In the Middle East, it has been invogue for thousands of years2 and approximately 6,5%. The hybrids Heera2 produced significantly higher grain yield over inbred BRRI dhan45 at all planting dates except 5 February planting and an almost similar trend was observed for BRRI hybrid dhan2. CONSANGUINITY AND INBREEDING COEFFICIENT IN TRIBAL PASHTUNS INHABITING its recurrence is high. D. F. Russell, MSTAT-C Package Program, Crop and Soil Science Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Mich, USA, 1986. Related Topics . After looking at nearly half a million peoples genetic data, researchers found 125 cases of extreme inbreeding, suggesting that there are approximately 13,200 such cases across the U.K. population as a whole. Ethnolinguistic groups with a population of more than a million each. S. O. P. B. Samonte, L. T. Wilson, A. M. McClung, and L. Tarpley, Seasonal dynamics of nonstructural carbohydrate partitioning in 15 diverse rice genotypes, Crop Science, vol. S. V. K. Jagadish, P. Q. Craufurd, and T. R. Wheeler, High temperature stress and spikelet fertility in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. Muslim Inbreeding: Impacts on intelligence, sanity, health and Risks in consanguineous marriages: An isonymic study. Other sub-dialects are Kalati (Qalati), Chagai-Kharani and Panjguri. 70 Perinatal mortality in different ethnic groups. 17, no. [34]. [54][55], Urdu is the national language and the lingua franca of Pakistan, and while sharing official status with English, it is the preferred and dominant language used for inter-communication between different ethnic groups. window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || { The numberofmalfonnedchildrenin related and unrelated parents were noted and subjected to various comparative methods of analysis. PNAS It is generally accepted that the founding population size of Homo sapiens was small, with effective population estimates ranging downward from 10,000 to 1,9002,800 and 1,000 to 700 (14).With such limited total numbers and population dispersal caused by a huntergatherer existence, a substantial level of inbreeding An enquiry into history of exposure to any factor known to cause congenital malformations was also made and families with such ahistoty were excluded from the study. University of Pittsburgh Press, cited in Modell, B and Kulieve, A.M. Social and genetic implications of custornary consanguineous marriages among BritishPakistanis. In July 2022, the United Nations published its 2022 World Population Prospects, a biennially-updated database where key demographic indicators are estimated and projected worldwide down to the country level. Interaction effect of variety and planting date were nonsignificant in all the cases. 211, pp. Hereditas, 1989;111:79-83. Australian researchers from the University of Queensland led by Loc Yengo found 125 cases of extreme inbreeding when they looked at the data of 456,414 people ages 40-69 who voluntarily submitted their genetic information between 2006 and 2010. [88] The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines five levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":[89], The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of the aforementioned publication, both published by UNESCO.[90]. Numerous smaller cities (such as Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Peshawar, and the capital Islamabad) dot the rest of the country. (function() { Efficient assimilate supply to the grain from the source and the capacity of the sink to receive it determines the higher yield (grain filling percentage) and these processes depend highly upon environmental conditions [48, 49]. Large sink size or sink strength of hybrids creating higher demand for photosynthetic assimilates increased photosynthetic rate in flag leaf initially at delayed planting. On the other hand, Yan et al. A. W. Julfiquar, M. J. Hasan, A. K. Azad, and A. M. Nurunnab, Research and development of hybrid rice in Bangladesh, in Hybrid Rice in Bangladesh: Progress and Future Strategies, pp. Causes of deafness in schools for the deaf in Madaras. This measures the likelihood that any two persons with common ancestors have received the same genes from them and if mated, pass these to their offsprings. The nation has two megacities, Karachi and Lahore. Despite Urdu being Pakistan's lingua franca, estimates on how many languages are spoken in the country range from 75 to 85,[8][9] and in 2017, the country's three largest ethnolinguistic groups were the Punjabis (making up 38.8% of the total population), the Pashtuns (18.2%), and the Sindhis (14.6%). 15, 1993, (Chinese with English abstract). The closer the blood relative, the higher the incidence of schizophrenia. 99, no. Pakistan faces a high risk of genetic disorders caused by WebThe total fertility rate in Pakistan decreased by 0.1 children per woman (-2.76 percent) since the previous year. [74], Like other languages of this family, Sindhi has passed through Old Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit) and Middle Indo-Aryan (Pali, secondary Prakrits, and Apabhramsha) stages of growth. Inbred BRRI dhan45 exhibited higher ratio of grain dry matter accumulated from current photosynthetic assimilation to leaf area (average from heading to maturity) compared to both hybrids. He holds dual bachelor's degrees from Pace University and a master's degree from New York University. London, Pelican books, 1966. WebToday, 70 percent of all Pakistanis are inbred and in Turkey the amount is between 25-30 percent ( Jyllands-Posten, 27/2 2009 More stillbirths among immigrants ). Because of this, Pakistan has a multicultural, multilinguistic, and multiethnic society. [4], The demographic history of Pakistan from the ancient Indus Valley civilisation to the modern era includes the arrival and settlement of many cultures and ethnic groups in the modern region of Pakistan from Eurasia and the nearby Middle East. In order to find all potential cases of extreme inbreeding from a dataset that is nearly half a million people large, Yengo and his team looked at the homozygosity of peoples genomes. Otorhinolaryn., 1984;18:97-106. 11. Chakrabarti et al. S. H. Cheng, L. Y. Cao, S. G. Chen et al., Conception of late-stage vigor super hybrid rice and its biological significance, Chinese Journal of Rice Science, vol. Saraiki is to a high degree mutually intelligible with Standard Punjabi[78][79] and shares with it a large portion of its vocabulary and morphology. 5.1. Saunders Co., 1988, pp. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. These are some maps of religious minority groups. 28, 2023. Also, BRRI dhan45 is a high yielding inbred variety for dry season and was developed by BRRI in 2005 through crossing between BRRI dhan2 and TETEP. T. L. Jeng, T. H. Tseng, C. S. Wang, C. L. Chen, and J. M. Sung, Yield and grain uniformity in contrasting rice genotypes suitable for different growth environments, Field Crops Research, vol. This group is dwindling because of its age. J. J. Tang, H. Chen, and S. Katsuyoshi, Varietial differences in photosynthetic characters and chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics parameters among intergeneric progeny drive from Oryza x Sorghum, its parents and hybrid rice, Journal of Zhejiang University of Science B, vol. Context: Inbreeding increases the level of homozygotes for autosomal recessive disorders and is the major objective in clinical studies. 280284, 2005 (Chinese). The U.K. Biobank began in 2006 and helps scientists study the various contributions of genetic predisposition and environmental exposure to the development of diseases. This data includes Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Inbreeding 238244, 2009. Chlorophyll content reflects the intensity of plant photosynthetic capacity and the extent of leaf senescence [24]. One hundred and thirty-five of these families had one additional child malformed, whereas, 10 had two malformed children in addition to the index child with whom they reported. Pakistan: Fertility rate from 2010 to 2020 [Graph]. This study found evidence of inbreeding in one in 3,652 people. People from Pakistan are 13 times more likely to have a birth defect. ). Islam et al. They are prohibited in certain parts of the world (e.g., North America) because of religious sanctions.

Savage Lundy Trail In Devil's Gulch, Smittys Garage Nutrition Facts, Articles T